Traumatic Shoulder Injury Rugby Union Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(292) In Antereoinferior GHJ separations the humeral caput is constrained down through the inadequate second rate case and anteriorly because of the boney squares of the acromial procedure, coracoid method and its tie ining tendon resulting in a total tear and burst of the container in most instances. Delegated a hit sports by numerous athleticss sawboness the idea of Rugby Union outcomes in similarly high paces of awful damages contrasted with different athleticss ( Sundaram et. al 2010 ) . Epidemiologic Injury Incidence Rates ( IIR ) show that members who miss at any rate 24hrs of games scope from 69-218 rates for each 1000hrs of dramatization, with increasingly genuine IIRs being recorded each piece habitually as 13. We will compose a custom paper test on Horrendous Shoulder Injury Rugby Union Health And Social Care Essay or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now 26-13.95/1000hrs ( McManus et al. 2004, Garraway et Al. 1995 ) . New Australian epidemiological examination of a major companion of 1475 rugger members over all degrees of rivalry ( School kid, novice, foundation, proficient ) have discovered that 14-28 % of whole rugger harms include the upper appendage ( McManus et al 2008, Usman 2012 ) , explicitly 66 % or an IIR of 13.12/1000hrs happening to the shoulder enunciation with damages, for example, ; Anterior Dislocations and breaks ( Usman et al 2012 ) .These upper appendage harms have been related with the longest clasp out of show, measured as multiple matches/28days or more, in the Australian overview ( Usman et al 2012 ) . The entirety of this data shows that upper appendage harms have a truly elevated commonness in the sports and are other than rather draining. In contrasting with IIRs related with rugger members, everyone paces of Anterior interruption are each piece low as 1.7 % ( Boone 2010 ) .Considering this uniqueness in fa ctual occurring between the 2 populaces, the incapacitating idea of this hurt to rugby members and the way that it is amazingly liable to appear in a physical issue puting I have decided to focus the equalization of this paper on Anterior Dislocations of the shoulder. Life systems and Mechanisms Preceding talking the component of hurt engaged with this rugger related pathology, it is of import to principal indicate what establishes the ordinary anatomical developments of the shoulder enunciation. Ordinary Anatomy The shoulder explanation considers the most broadened extents of movements ( ROM ) in the full natural structure, due essentially to the structure of the GlenoHumeral Joint ( GHJ ) composite. This huge opportunity of movement relies upon stableness of the joint to remain dynamic and is accomplished by the latent and dynamic stabilizers: Inert stabilizers incorporate ; the glenoid labrum which builds the otic contact nation by up to 50 % , the outward coracoacromial curve and characteristic tendons connecting the humeral caput and the shoulder bone. Dynamic stabilizers incorporate ; the rotator turnup musculuss referred to together as SITS. Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor and Subscapularis. The GHJ and its related developments are innervated by the suprascapular, sidelong pecs and alar nervousnesss. The two gatherings referenced above work in simultaneousness to keep up the humeral caput in close explanation with the glenoid pit and flexibly significant stableness so as to gracefully a typically working enunciation. ( Moore et al. 2009 ) Component of Injury As rugger is a hit sports with a few members at rapid regularly associated with any one episode, it is extremely hard to decide one positive system of hurt. When addressed members are habitually dark within informations of the component, yet it is accounted for that contact ( for example tackle condition of affairss ) is liable for 70 % of GHJ harms ( Usman et al 2012 ) with foul show just being liable for 6 % ( Crichton et al. 2012 ) .This is nothing unexpected as handling has been demonstrated to be a significant segment of the game with around 330 episodes for each game ( Sundaram et al 2010 ) . Eccentrically in any case attempted when estimated with the utilization of power tablets does non practice a high bounty power to do damage to the developments in the shoulder. Usman et Al ( 2011 ) estimated appropriate procedure tackle powers using prevailing and non-predominant shoulders both in the lab and on the field. The discoveries showed that endeavor just created a large portion o f the whole of power important to do horrible mischief to the shoulder. In this way there is more components to the instrument of GHJ hurt than just power by means of undertaking altogether. Along these lines surveies have made utilization of picture examination to rethink a major base of GHJ harms so as to set up a component of hurt. It was discovered that there are three old style places ( c. f. informative supplement I ) in which GHJ happens in rugger ; The attempt scorer: plunging and making with the arm flexed above 90A ° Tackler: Abducted arm driven behind the member with a resulting back power Direct Impact: Impact to bear from hit or land. Marginally flexed or unoriginal with some inward rotating movement ( Crichton et al 2012 ) The Try-scorer and tackler were the most widely recognized gatherings for labral and humeral caput harms occurring in Antereoinferior GHJ interruptions, as the caput of the humerus is influenced by a switch activity from power transmitted through the arm in an inappropriate spot ( Crichton et al 2012 ) . This shows it is non undertaking that is the reason for hurt however more so off-base procedure during a tackle or in contact with the land. The start of this ill-advised method is probably going to be because of tire occurring during the game. Handling was demonstrated to be an exhausting movement as less power was delivered with each tackle rehash when estimated ( Usman et al. 2011 ) Fatigue has other than been appeared to hold a negative outcome on a muscle head ‘s propioception or joint spot sense ( JPS ) . As weakness expansion mechanoreceptors around the GHJ musculuss can non precisely depict JPS. Therefore during contact the athlete will non hold their GHJ in the ideal s pot to assimilate the power following in hurt, for example, those portrayed above from less solid handling ( Herrington 2008 and 2010, Sundaram et al 2010, Usman et al 2011 ) .Repetitive over-burdening of the idle stabilizers through wrong endeavor procedure can other than do inadequacy of the GHJ taking to small scale injury over clasp lastly sprain/disengagement of the joint ( Goldberg et al 2003 ) .Other danger factors that have other than been demonstrated to loan factors incorporate ; achievement, playing experience, hardware, old damages, playing spot and level of rivalry ( Usman et al 2011 ) Pathoanatomy In Antereoinferior GHJ disengagements the humeral caput is constrained down through the inadequate substandard case and anteriorly because of the boney squares of the acromial procedure, coracoid system and its tie ining tendon following in a total tear and crack of the container in many occurrences. Similarly great as the ligamentous case hurt there is other than related damage to both delicate tissue and bone ( Thomas et al 2007 ) . As for delicate tissue injury the most well-known pathoanatomy of delicate tissue is a Bankart sore ( Boone et al 2010 ) . This is a withdrawal of the anteroinferior Labrum and Inferior GH tendon with a farther 50 % of these appearing with related break of the Anterior edge of the glenoid pit ( Boone et al 2010 ) . Both of these happen when the humeral caput is constrained out of the pit during interruption. On the off chance that non rewarded adequately, these injuries will take to an interminable insecurity in the cultivated shoulder, taking to repeti tive disturbances as is seen in 21.5 % of rates during the primary lucifer after come back to play ( Usman et al 2012 ) . Perpetual interruptions are basic in rugger because of a figure of elements, for example, early come back to play, non-careful mediation with stableness and different elements referenced above in systems. Repeat causes the figure of developments included and the disagreeableness to expand dramatically.The figure of Anterioinferior labral sores expansion ( Doo-sup et al. , 2010 ) , Osseous Bankart injuries other than increment up to 56-86 % with enduring dislocators joined with a 67-100 % likeliness of other than holding a Hill-Sachs break ( Boone et al. , 2010, Beran et al. , 2010 ) . Slopes Sachs sores happen on the postereo-parallel caput of the humerus as it impacts on the glenoid pit. Introduction History On appearing to An A ; E the patient will more than likely depict one of the three situations above, saying that their arm was snatched and remotely turned at the clasp of contact. They will other than depict to holding felt a blooper and â€Å" dead † shoulder after the episode ( Goldberg et al. , 2003 ) . The other boss side effect appearing with an incoherent shoulder are horrendous harming and diminished extent of motion. The patient will other than keep their arm protected in little snatching and outside rotational movement. Assessment Articulation: The patient will hope to hold tiny ROM while discasing. The shoulder will look â€Å" squared off † with loss of deltoid shape. Feel: The humeral caput is unmistakable anteriorly in the subcoracoid part. It is other than of import to contrast two-sided spiral throbs with administer out vascular hurt and to demonstrate the alar nervus in the ‘regimental identification mark ‘ over the deltoid respectively. Move: Active movement ; the patient can't complete Apley ‘s scraped area preliminary, for example contact inverse shoulder, inverse shoulder bone, back of the cervix. In Passive movement the patient will resist kidnapping and inside revolving movement. Creative mind: This must be never really out differential diagnosings of clavicular or humeral breaks. A shoulder injury arrangement ought to other than be requested Pre and Post decline. An AP or alar X raies are the most reasonable for Anterior interruptions. Post decline films are exceptionally of import as 37.5 % of

English as a Second Language (ESL) Definition

English as a Second Language (ESL) Definition English as a Second Language (ESL or TESL) is a conventional term for the utilization or investigation of the English language by non-local speakers in an English-talking condition (it is likewise known as English for speakers of different dialects.) That condition might be a nation where English is the first language (e.g., Australia, the U.S.) or one in which English has a set up job (e.g., India, Nigeria). Likewise known as English for speakers of different dialects. English as a Second Language additionally alludes to particular ways to deal with language instructing intended for those whose essential language isn't English. English as a Second Language relates generally to the Outer Circle depicted by etymologist Braj Kachru in Standards, Codification and Sociolinguistic Realism: The English Language in the Outer Circle (1985). Perceptions Fundamentally, we can split nations as indicated by whether they have English as a local language, English as a subsequent language, or English as an unknown dialect. The principal classification is clear as crystal. The contrast between English as an unknown dialect and English as a subsequent language is that in the last occasion just, English has real alloted informative status inside the nation. By and large, there is a sum of 75 domains where English has a unique spot in the public eye. [Braj] Kachru has isolated the English-talking nations of the world into three expansive sorts, which he represents by putting them in three concentric rings:The internal circle: these nations are the customary bases of English, where it is the essential language, that is Great Britain and Ireland, the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.The external or broadened circle: these nations speak to the previous spread of English in non-local settings, where the language is a piece of the countrys driving establishments, where it assumes a second-language job in a multilingual society. for example Singapore, India, Malawi, and 50 different regions. The growing circle: this incorporates nations that speak to the significance of English as a universal language however they have no history of colonization and English has no uncommon regulatory status in these nations, for example China, Japan, Poland and a developing number of different states. This is English as an outside language.It is evident that the growing circle is the one that is generally delicate to the worldwide status of English. It is here that English is utilized fundamentally as a global language, particularly in the business, logical, lawful, political and scholarly communities.The terms (T)EFL, (T)ESL and TESOL [Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages] developed after the Second World War, and in Britain no qualification was truly made among ESL and EFL, both being subsumed under ELT (English Language Teaching), until well into the 1960s. As respects ESL specifically, the term has been applied to two sorts of training that cover yet are basically particul ar: ESL in the nation of origin of the student (mostly a UK idea and concern) and ESL for migrants to ENL nations (primarily a US idea and concern). The term English as Second Language (ESL) has customarily alluded to understudies who come to class communicating in dialects other than English at home. The term as a rule is erroneous, on the grounds that some who come to class have English as their third, fourth, fifth, etc, language. A few people and gatherings have settled on the term Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) to speak to better the hidden language real factors. In certain purviews, the term English as an Additional Language (EAL) is utilized. The term English Language Learner (ELL) has picked up acknowledgment, fundamentally in the United States. The trouble with the term ELL is that in many homerooms, everybody, paying little heed to their semantic foundations, is learning English. Sources Fennell, Barbara A. A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach. Blackwell, 2001.McArthur, Tom. The Oxford Guide to World English. Oxford University Press, 2002.Gunderson, Lee. ESL (ELL) Literacy Instruction: A Guidebook to Theory and Practice, second ed. Routledge, 2009.

Tips and Tricks to Beat Writers Block

Tips and Tricks to Beat Writer’s Block Tips and Tricks to Beat Writer’s Block Tips and Tricks to Beat Writer’s Block If you’ve ever tried your hand at writing, whether for personal or professional gain, you’ve experienced the frustrating, all-consuming, seemingly insurmountable phenomenon known as writer’s block. Publisher’s Weekly recently published an article about Joseph Mitchell, one of the longest standing staff writers at The New Yorker, who possibly experienced the longest bout of writer’s block in history: over thirty years! That may sound a little extreme, but if you’ve ever stared at a blank page for hours and hours, surely you can relate. The good news is that there are plenty of tools you can use to help get those creative juices flowing. Whether you need to write an academic paper, a blog post, or just a personal journal entry, these simple tricks will help you put pen to paper: Ask questions: Interview yourself about your topic. After you’ve answered all your questions, you can go back and combine your answers together, refining them into one single document. To get started, ask yourself: 1. What am I writing about? 2. Who am I writing for? 3. What is my goal in writing this? 4. Are there any definitions that could help me understand my topic better? 5. Do I need any sources or references? Write freely: Freewriting is for your eyes alone, and doesn’t have to be grammatically correct, structured, or coherent. Self-criticism is the biggest contributor to writer’s block, so in order to combat it, you have to give yourself a break. Writing quickly and without interruption will allow your mind to explore the topic free from evaluation. The only restriction on freewriting is that you need to set a certain amount of time, and write continuously throughout it. Set a timer for ten minutes, and don’t stop writing until time’s up! Don’t stop to read over your work or make changes; don’t stop for anything! You can go back in later and refine your writing, but for now, just get everything down on paper. Brainstorm: This might seem like a cliché, but that’s because it works! If having some structure helps you think, and freewriting seems too loose for you, then brainstorming might be the way to go. Brainstorming can take many different forms. Some writers like to jot down everything that comes into their heads. Others like to number and arrange their points. Some use a graphic aid like a bubble or tree diagram. If writer’s block is getting you down, try these tips to help you break out of it. And hey, if you really get stuck, one of our professional writers can help you create a custom essay outline, or even help you write the essay, if all else fails! We’d love to hear if these tips worked for you! Send us an email if you’d like to learn more! By Ceilidh Marlow Reference: Kunkel, Thomas. (2015, April 03) What Exactly Was Joseph Mitchell Doing All Those Years at ‘The New Yorker’? Publisher’s Weekly. Retrieved August 21st, 2015 from Tips and Tricks to Beat Writer’s Block Tips and Tricks to Beat Writer’s Block Tips and Tricks to Beat Writer’s Block If you’ve ever tried your hand at writing, whether for personal or professional gain, you’ve experienced the frustrating, all-consuming, seemingly insurmountable phenomenon known as writer’s block. Publisher’s Weekly recently published an article about Joseph Mitchell, one of the longest standing staff writers at The New Yorker, who possibly experienced the longest bout of writer’s block in history: over thirty years! That may sound a little extreme, but if you’ve ever stared at a blank page for hours and hours, surely you can relate. The good news is that there are plenty of tools you can use to help get those creative juices flowing. Whether you need to write an academic paper, a blog post, or just a personal journal entry, these simple tricks will help you put pen to paper: Ask questions: Interview yourself about your topic. After you’ve answered all your questions, you can go back and combine your answers together, refining them into one single document. To get started, ask yourself: 1. What am I writing about? 2. Who am I writing for? 3. What is my goal in writing this? 4. Are there any definitions that could help me understand my topic better? 5. Do I need any sources or references? Write freely: Freewriting is for your eyes alone, and doesn’t have to be grammatically correct, structured, or coherent. Self-criticism is the biggest contributor to writer’s block, so in order to combat it, you have to give yourself a break. Writing quickly and without interruption will allow your mind to explore the topic free from evaluation. The only restriction on freewriting is that you need to set a certain amount of time, and write continuously throughout it. Set a timer for ten minutes, and don’t stop writing until time’s up! Don’t stop to read over your work or make changes; don’t stop for anything! You can go back in later and refine your writing, but for now, just get everything down on paper. Brainstorm: This might seem like a cliché, but that’s because it works! If having some structure helps you think, and freewriting seems too loose for you, then brainstorming might be the way to go. Brainstorming can take many different forms. Some writers like to jot down everything that comes into their heads. Others like to number and arrange their points. Some use a graphic aid like a bubble or tree diagram. If writer’s block is getting you down, try these tips to help you break out of it. And hey, if you really get stuck, one of our professional writers can help you create a custom essay outline, or even help you write the essay, if all else fails! We’d love to hear if these tips worked for you! Send us an email if you’d like to learn more! By Ceilidh Marlow Reference: Kunkel, Thomas. (2015, April 03) What Exactly Was Joseph Mitchell Doing All Those Years at ‘The New Yorker’? Publisher’s Weekly. Retrieved August 21st, 2015 from

Family Care Centre An Indigenous Family Support Centre

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Definition of Multi-National Corporation 2. Cultures and Norms 3. Management Style and Culture Shock 4. Management Style of a Multi-National Corporation : Toyota Motors 5. Ethical and Economic challenges faced Multinational Corporation

The Biggest Myth About Great College Essay Topics Exposed

The Biggest Myth About Great College Essay Topics Exposed Type of Great College Essay Topics Our essay writing services are a simple, stress-free alternate to achieving your aims. As a consequence of that, and as a consequence of our writers completing our clients' orders, every one of them has a ranking. Yes, editing is crucial, but no it doesn't need to be hard. The Nuiances of Great College Essay Topics In the long run, however, remember that excellent writing doesn't happen by accident. Maybe you aren't happy or pleased with the work done, do not worry. After all, the very first thing you will have to analyze the subject of the work. Whether you don't have sufficient free time to finish all your tasks or would like to concentrate on other features of your life, our cheap essay writing service is the best choice. Great College Essay Topics Secrets The use of the introduction is just to introduce the subject, to explain how you comprehend the question, and describe bri efly how you plan to handle it. The process is quite simple. Very good solution is to cover essay. However you attempt to lower the amount writing you must do to help your essay, you'll need to master the method for your assignment. If you're intent on figuring out how to write essay, try to remember that one of the absolute most important things to bear in mind is the power of your very first sentence. Keep in mind which every new idea needs to be developed into a distinct paragraph. In the same way, a structure of some kind is most likely important for every single essay, however revolutionary. There are a lot of important facets which make essay writing homework such a daunting job to finish. Details of Great College Essay Topics Choosing online essay writers isn't a nightmare anymore. Essays are the best method to present one's opinion about any particular topic. Most essays can be made better by an exhaustive edit. Example essays concentrate on one key idea that you prove with various specific, convincing examples. A tutor can learn a worrying amount about the grade of your essay simply from how it seems on the webpage. All students are accustomed to writing essays. If you discover that you're not able to think of an essay topic by yourself, it can be of help to ask your instructor for help. Following are a few of the suggested sociology essay topic for those students that are unable to choose a great topic for their assignment. You should want your kid to be cared for, educated and socially enlightened by peers and professionals that understand what is happening and can help keep your son or daughter on the perfect path. There are several other explanations for why students ask us for aid. When there's students answering the telephone, that's something which should be corrected straight away. Even if you're an extremely very good student, you will on occasion find yourself in scenarios where you will require assistance from professionals. Questions to ask about your degree of critical writing may be helpful. It's well worth attending to each of the suggestions and comments you receive, and attempting to act on them. When you feel you locate a topic that strikes your fancy, go with this. List three to five topics that you're interested in or would love to write about.

Business Negotiation for Decoration Services - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Negotiation Strategies for Decoration Services. Answer: Description of the negotiation situation I had a chance of negotiating for a business opportunity to offer tents, seats and decoration services to a client who had a wedding ceremony. The client, in this case, had brought a proposal in a committee seeking for a service provider who would offer quality services in terms of decorations in her wedding, quality seats and modern tents of the capacity of the expected guests in the ceremony. Taking is a great business opportunity and given the fact that my company offers all those services I decided to take the challenge of pitching my business services to the committee that was tasked with the responsibility of sourcing and presenting a number of service providers. I, therefore, took a sample of my previously done works of events management and decorations services and presented myself before the committee for negotiations. The parties involved in the negotiation Just like in any other business negotiation, there must be parties or interested persons for the negotiation to take place. The event is a wedding ceremony that meant that there was a committee that was set forth to plan for the same and was in charge of sourcing for various service providers as per the requirements given by the couples. Lucky enough I was a member of the committee since the client or one of the couples was my college friend and had invited me to be part of their wedding planning committee. Therefore the parties involved in this negotiation included the committee members who were 15 in number including myself and the couples and three other service providers in the same line of business of events management and decorations. The total number of parties involved in the negotiation, in this case, could be said to be six which can be grouped from the 18 members as follows. There were the four service providers including myself, the couples and the committee. Where did the negotiations occur? Most business negotiations do not have defined negotiations points, however, the decisions of the negotiation points are influenced by the nature business and agreements between the parties involved. Most parties usually prefer a neutral ground for negotiations in which the parties feel free to offer their deals. Most business deals may happen in an office, in a hotel, in a park or restaurant or others even happen over the phones or on other online social platforms however this depends on the nature of the business as quoted above. Therefore, in this case, the committee which was tasked with the responsibility of sourcing for the service providers after getting a number of service providers suggested that the most convenient place to meet with all the other parties was in small conference rooms in one of the hotels in Town. How the negotiations took place The negotiations were guided by the committee in which the chairman of the committee requested the couples to give a brief on their expectations for the decorations and the quality of tents and seats that they wished to have on their wedding. The couple outlined several requirements and what would be their expectation on their event. The chairman then requested the service providers to give a sample of the previous works to the committee members as well as to the couples. Then the committee requested for the price quotations for the full package of services from each service provider. Out of the four service providers, the couples were pleased with the works of two of the service providers and I was also lucky to be among the two which now began the negotiations. After quoting the total amount I would charge for the full service as well as listen to the quotation of my competitor now, the committee also gave us their budget estimates for the same an estimate which they said they were not able to add any more money to the budget as they were working on a fixed budget. My competitor price quotation was slightly higher than my charges. However, he had some services which I did not have under my package which gave him a slight advantage. Focusing on negotiation outcomes In event of business negotiations, the interests of the parties negotiating are always focused on the outcomes of the negotiations. Successful negotiations are guided by certain principles and guidelines which when followed or adhered to lead to a win-win situation which is the main goal of the negotiating parties. Such principles and guidelines include contending whereby either party is able to concede to the other parties outcome (Tudoran Boglu?, 2014). It also includes compromising in which the party targeted ideal outcome is overlooked and the parties end up settling for outcomes that are satisfactory to both parties. It also includes providing an opportunity for inaction whereby the parties buy time to think about the proposal as well as gathering more information and deciding their next tactics. The negotiating outcomes therefore normally come at the end of a negotiation process and may result in four different outcomes which include; lose-lose, win-lose a stalemate and a win-win outcome. The lose-lose situation occurs where ego controls or comes into play and thwart the negotiation process and whenever both sides are unwilling to compromise (Ku, 2016). A win-lose outcome occurs where one negotiating party wins whereas the other party loses completely. A stalemate occurs when neither the parties win nor loses as a result of not being able to deal with the interests of both parties whereas a win-win outcome in which parties strive to achieve occurs when a deal is struck between the parties and both parties are happy that their interests are met (Kaptein, 2017). Therefore in the case of the above negotiation on part A, I would have taken an inaction moment where I would have thought of the proposal of the committee and the couple and gather more information concerning their re quirements which were not sufficiently communicated. I felt that the negotiations were not sufficiently done in a way that it took the interests of both the parties taking into considerations the demands and expectations of the wedding committee as well as the couples were issued at that particular time. The prices were also quoted on the same day and what happens in the line of event management and decorations is that there is always a possibility of increasing costs on the part of the service provider if different aspects are not taken into consideration. However, there was the pressure that there wasnt enough time as the event was to be conducted in a weeks time (Stamm, 2016). I would have then asked the committee to give me a day to respond to certain cost aspects based on their expectations so that I may be able to offer services which meet their quality and other expectations other than disappointing them because I would avoid any increased costs from my side. Based on the outcome as much as it was a win-win situation I believe t hat the committee would have allowed me to have a day of responding to the requirements and probably if any resulting possible costs would have been taken into consideration. References Kaptein, M. m. (2017). The Battle for Business Ethics: A Struggle Theory. Journal Of Business Ethics, 144(2), 343-361 Ku, G. (2016). Negotiating Pitfalls. London Business School Review, 27(2), 14-15. doi:10.1111/2057-1615.12110. Sandberg, T., Hutter, R., Richetin, J., Conner, M. (2016). Testing the role of action and inaction anticipated regret on intentions and behaviour. British Journal Of Social Psychology, 55(3), 407-425. doi:10.1111/bjso.12141 Stamm, I. K. (2016). Coordination Tasks and Negotiation Modes of Linked Lives in Entrepreneurial Families. Journal Of Marriage Family, 78(4), 939-956 Tudoran, D., Boglu?, A. (2014). Types Of Negotiation Tactics. Research Journal Of Agricultural Science, 46(2), 395-402.

Aura by Annecy Baez

Introduction Literature is one of the many ways through which we synthesize information about different elements of human nature. Interestingly, most works of literature reflect the lives, aspirations and dreams of authors. One such literary work belongs to Annecy Baez, who is a poetic and short story writer. This paper presents a literary critique of the short story namely Aura in relation to Baez biography.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Aura by Annecy Baez specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Main Theme Versus Annecy Baez’ life Baez has written many stories in the book â€Å"My daughter’s eyes: and other stories†. However, Aura came out as one of the strongest of them all in presenting reality of life as it was in times of the writer. The story tells of a woman called Aura who was an ardent traditional spiritual healer of her times. It is believed that she had no concrete family background an d that her past was like a book without previous chapters. This by itself is surprising since there is hardly any information known about the author, Baez. All is known in most of her biographies is that she was born in Dominican republic, brought up in Bronx and now lives in Irving. Her literature work overshadows her biography. Aura was a spiritual woman who could heal virtually any spiritually related problems. She could exercise spiritual cleansing using concoctions, rituals and magic. It can be argued that this represents the same scenario in which the author herself grew in. this is true bearing in mind that Baez grew up in Bronx, a region which was poverty ridden during her early times. Aura depicts the way poor societies dealt with their societal issues. People sought spiritual intervention for problems such as sexual violence, poverty, restlessness and family issues. It is surprising that Boaz grew up in similar societal settings and this could have inspired her to write th is piece of literature. Aura is represented as a mysterious woman with a history nobody could understand. The author used her to expound on theme of the literature. Aura’s character impeccably develops the theme of â€Å"society and spirituality†. The author represented her as a mystery which no one could understand. The way the character is represented is a perfect mirror of the real situation the author experienced. This is because she lived in the same society setting that we live in, a society where no one knows the real concise origin of religion and spirituality. Different societies have different spiritual beliefs but the source of such beliefs has no definite proof.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One spiritual aspect that comes out clearly from the story is the conflict between different spiritual beliefs. The story depicts Aura as a spiritual realm of the society. But in the same society, other people believe in Christianity. There is man who has an open air crusade in the street where he calls people to give their lives to Jesus. This demonstrates the diversity in spiritual beliefs within the same society. Certainly, this is the same society that Baez experienced when she was growing up in Bronx. She grew up in a multicultural and multi religious society and this could have inspired her to take this kind of approach in this literature work. It is very interesting how Baez decided to explore role of spirituality in the society. This is clearly demonstrated on Aura’s spiritual approach to the spirit of sexual immorality. She claimed that the man with the â€Å"Zangano† spirit needed to be cleansed of this sexual immorality spirit. She talks and argues with Zuki about erasing memories of the Zangano infested man in order to free him of his desire to exploit young children. This brings out to light how spirituality ca n be used to solve virtually any societal problem. This concept mirrors the author’s life. It can be argued that Baez uses her literature work to address different issues in the society such as sexual immorality, child abuse, poverty, family conflicts and spirituality in the same way Aura’s story tries to solve different societal problems using a spiritual approach. Conclusion Aura is one of the best pieces of literature that reflects issues of the society in an ingenious way. The story expresses theme of spirituality and how it is used by society to address different issues affecting them. Surprisingly, Aura seems to be inspired by environment and the life of the author. It has been seen that the story mirrors similar societal settings that Baez experienced. It doesn’t come by surprise that her literature work tries to address problems of the society the same way issues are addressed spiritually in Aura. Works Cited Baez, Annecy. My daughter’s eyes: and other stories. New York: Curbstone Press, 2007. This essay on Aura by Annecy Baez was written and submitted by user Roger Larson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Research Paper Prohibition

Research Paper Prohibition Research Paper Prohibition Mary Louise Cecilia Guinan otherwise known as "Texas," by the state she was from was an actress and singer in the late 19th and early 20th Century. This gal was the operator of many ritzy speakeasies, though it could never be proven. She became a model for the others, as she was the best female in the business, no matter how many times the coppers shut down the drums, more would be established. Prohibition was a law that the U.S. should have never put into place because the younger generation became very rebellious, moral values dissipated, and society took a turn for the worst. Leading up to the Prohibition Era, World War I had recently ended. The economy was terrible at the conclusion of the war, however, it improved a little bit as people no longer had to be afraid of something happening, and their family members were now home. As the economy was improving, women also won the vote. Many women during this time wanted equality and to be able to vote just as the men, and t hey finally won after all they had been fighting for. Soon, there were not only restrictions on alcohol, but the selling of "intoxicating liquors" became illegal. Alcohol otherwise known as liquor is a drug, which affects how a person feels and behaves, and can be dangerous when too much is consumed. The Eighteenth Amendment prohibited the making or selling of these intoxicating liquors, and as of January 16, 1920, alcohol was prohibited in the United States. The old ­line conservative Americans were fine with the alcohol regulations after the war, however, the young people were more comfortable with alcohol. The prohibition of alcohol is one of the reasons that the young people became rebellious. This rebelliousness was more geared toward the females, rather than the males. The females created the "flapper," a name that is associated with a certain look. A flapper is a girl with short skirts or dresses, and even shorter hair. The hair was cut into the bob hairstyle. This was not something that was traditional for a female during this time as usually they had shoulder ­length or longer hair that was pinned up. The clothing was also an act of rebellion geared toward the females in America. The dresses were made to be showy, straight, and hanging just below the knee. The everyday young woman became like a

Profiling Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Profiling - Research Paper Example In this case, these experts are expected to undertaking their profiling in a way that do not violate people’s privacy or have an aspect of discrimination. In fact, these practices are applied professionally in order to help people as tools for security, through they are based on historical grounds and statistics. Profiling is perceived to have an aspect of discrimination, thus developing controversy around the issue, whereby people think that it should not be undertaken based on gender, race, color and people’s appearances. Therefore, there is nothing right with condemning due to the actions done by other people in the past, who they share similar patterns. This has resulted to case such as people being stopped in the airport for investigation since they share similarities with people who did wrong in the past. On the other hand, the subjects of the profiling should be treated with respect through the provision of an explanation for the profiling, and unless they have done nothing wrong, they are expected to have nothing to hide. A psychological profile can be created through an investigation in the absence of physical evidence or description of eyewitness to supplement with a description. Therefore, the experts apply their knowledge and the things they know about unknown suspect concerning his actions and try to generate information. For instance, in a case involving serial murderer killing female employees in a certain company, the experts may presume that murder is a male former employee or a client. Other issue that has brought controversy relates to racial profiling, which is a practice that has involved a significant risk to the basic principles of the constitution. Racial profiling is perceived to be targeting people of certain skin color through investigations, thus alienating communities and preventing them from participating in policing efforts. This has also caused the law enforcement to lose credibility and trust in the

Homosexuals in the Military Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Homosexuals in the Military - Term Paper Example These freedoms and rights are entitled to all American citizens, including homosexuals. However, behind the displayed screen of an apparently free and equal society, homosexuals cannot openly exercise some of the rights that other American citizens are allowed to. Military service is the example discussed here. Homosexuals often have two parallel lives or sides to them. In one they live openly as they please, associating themselves with whomever they please, dressing the way they want, speaking the way they want to speak and plainly living as they please just like everyone else in society. In the other, they must hide their real selves and conform to the masses in order to enjoy the rights and privileges of the average citizen or, more disturbingly, to avoid discrimination and overt hostility from others. It is the general state of things that the rights of a person end where the rights of another begin. As such, just as the right of free speech is subject to the limitation of not defaming or slandering others, the right of homosexuals to simply be their true selves and embrace their sexuality seems to be subject to the right of the masses to be shielded from behavioral aspects that they subjectively feel are immoral or unnatural. As such there are many instances where homosexuals who openl y display and even advertise their sexuality in the streets through the use of banners and advertisements are seen as offensive and many people act hostile against this, leading to discrimination. This same situation is the problem homosexuals experience while serving in the military.

Tuberculosis: Prevention and Treatment

Tuberculosis: Prevention and Treatment Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne infectious disease which is caused by strains of mycobacteria, mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis1. There are roughly one third of the worlds population are infected with tuberculosis where nine millions of new cases reported annually2. Although tuberculosis can be prevented and treated, it continues to cause millions of deaths every year2. When infected individual coughs, sneezes or spits, M. tuberculosis is propelled into the air and infected those who breathed in the bacteria that existed in droplets of saliva3. Primarily, tuberculosis will affect the lungs, known as pulmonary tuberculosis3. It will also affect other parts of body, for instance lymph nodes, bones, brain and kidneys3. Once a person is infected with tuberculosis, there are basically three possible ways may occur. Firstly, the immune system plays a vital role and strong enough to kill the bacteria3. Secondly, immune system is not strong enough to fight off the bacteria but is able to b uild a defensive barrier against the bacteria3. Individuals who are latently infected with M. tuberculosis show asymptomatic where these bacteria lie dormant in the lungs and able to reactivate after years1. The disease is often reactivated in those who are immunocompromised or generally weakened. Lastly, the immune system fails to kill bacteria causing the bacteria to grow and spread towards other parts of body which is called active tuberculosis3. In the fight of tuberculosis, World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends universal Bacille Calmette-Guà ©rin (BCG) vaccination in the countries with high TB burdens4. BCG vaccine contains weakened form of M. tuberculosis which will induce human antibodies to fight against this type of bacteria. The efficacy of BCG vaccination can be ranging from 0% to 84%5. This may be due to the frequency of TB exposure and quality of vaccine used, leading to arguments on BCG vaccination efficacies4. One of the greatest arguments is that BCG vaccination causing positive reactions to tuberculin skin testing and hence interfere with the diagnosis of latent TB4. Existence of evidences showing the rates of efficacy also depends on geographical location, age at vaccination and form of TB further complicate the situation. Currently, TB chemotherapy is made up of combination of a list of first-line drugs isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), pyrazinamide (PZA) and ethambutol (EMB) 6. If the treatment fails d ue to bacterial drug resistance, or patient unable to tolerate, second-line drugs for instance para-aminosalicylate (PAS), fluoroquinolones, ethionamide and cycloserine are introduced6. These are considered as second line drugs generally either less potent with larger doses regimen or more toxic with serious side effects6. Tuberculosis is presently treated in two phases, namely initial phase and continuous phase7. In initial phase, the patient will be treated with concurrent use of four first line drugs, with the aim to eradicate or control bacteria population to replicate in rapid motion and also avoid the emergence of bacteria resistance7. The treatment choices available for initial treatment include isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol7. Streptomycin is used rarely but can be used in patients who infected with bacteria that are resistant to isoniazid before the therapy is commenced7. The duration for initial phase is 2 months whereas the continuous phase takes 4 months7. During the four months of continuous phase, patients are treated with isoniazid and rifampicin at same doses7. Most of the TB treatment is supervised where drug administration needs to be fully supervised by healthcare professions since lengthy duration of treatment causing incompliance in patients7. These patients who are unlikely to be compliance will be given the drugs three times a week until the course is completed while patients who able to comply with the treatment will not be supervised7. Despite the chemotherapy treatment and BCG vaccine, TB remains as a significant infectious disease due to increasing emergence of drug resistant TB and co-infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) 6. Since the host defense in HIV patients is suppressed, they are more susceptible to TB infections. Moreover, drug- drug interactions between antiviral therapy and anti-TB also causing complications in treating co-infected patients6. Drug resistant TB has evolved mainly because of improper treatment or incompliance in patients who stop taking their medications before the bacteria is being fully eradicated since the duration of treatment is lengthy which takes 6-9 months8, 9. The mechanism involved includes chromosomal mutations in genes that responsible for drug targets encoding9. When there is a sequential accumulation of mutations, multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) emerges where the M. tuberculosis strains will resistant to two of the most commonly used drugs, Isoniazid and Rifampicin9. Patients with MDR-TB are then relying on the second-line drug classes, fluoroquinolones and the three injectable agents namely amikacin, capreomycin, and kanamycin10, 11. The chances to cure would dramatically be reduced for patients who infected with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB), a situation where the isolated strains are resistant against any one of fluoroquinolones and at least one of three injectable drugs6. In order to combat with the MDR-TB or XDR-TB and optimize the tuberculosis drug regimen, it is crucial to understand the mechanism of action of current using first-line drugs and how resistance is developed against these drugs. Isoniazid (INH) or isonicotinic acid hydrazide is discovered in 1952, a bactericidal agent which active against organism of the genus Mycobacterium, especially M. tuberculosis, M. bovis and M. kansassi6, 12. In vivo, INH has shown to be bactericidal in culture over the first 48 hours which become bacteriostatic after this particular time frame12. This indicates that INH is bacteriostatic for slow replicating bacilli but is bactericidal against rapidly dividing mycobacterium. The minimal tuberculostatic concentration is 0.025 to 0.05ug/ml13. INH is a prodrug that needs to be activated by catalaseperoxide hemoporotein, KatG before acts by inhibiting mycolic acid synthesis and cell wall disruption in susceptible mycobacterium13, 14. This inhibitory action is only targeted to mycobacteria since other bacteria do not contain mycolic acid in the cell wall13. INH acts by inhibit enoyl acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase, InhA, and a beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase, KasA that are crucial in fatt y acid synthesis system for mycolic acid15. Resistance to INH is believed due to mutations in gene encoding catalaseperoxidase katG or InhA or lacking KatG 9, 14. Isoniazid is metabolised in the liver, mainly by acetylation and dehydrazination where slow acetylator may experience higher concentration leads to potential toxicity before excreted in the urine within 24 hours13. Rifampicin (RIF), discovered in 1963, is a lipophilic semisynthetic derivative of rifamycin antibiotic which is produced by the fermentation of a strain of Amycolatopsis mediterranei6, 9, 16. RIF has bactericidal activities against a broad spectrum of microorganisms including gram-positive and gram-negative. RIF will inhibit the action of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of mycobacteria that is encoded by rpoB through formation of a stable drug-enzyme complex9. This will suppress the initiation chain formation in RNA synthesis and hence prohibit protein synthesis in M. tuberculosis9. Development of resistance to RIF is mostly due to mutation in 81 base pair region of rpoB gene thus facilitate a straightforward approach to detect MDR-TB since 85-90% RIF-resistant strains are also resistant to INH9. RIF produces peak plasma concentration of 7ug/mL in 2 to 4 hours after ingestion of 600mg17. It also distributed well to most of the body tissues and fluids, including cerebrospinal fluid since it is lipophilic17. Following absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, RIF is eliminated rapidly in the bile with fewer amounts excreted through urine17. Pyrazinamde (PZA) is discovered in 1954 and it produces excellent sterility effects against semidormant tubercle bacilli at slightly acidic pH6, 9. The antimicrobial activity of PZA is through interference with mycolic acid synthesis in M. tuberculosis by pyrazinoic acid, an active moiety of PZA9. Conversion of PZA to pyrazinoic acid is mediated by pyrazinamidase enzyme that is encoded by pncA gene in M. tuberculosis, thus indicating that these bacilli are sensitive to PZA9. Resistance against PZA evolved when mutation occur at pncA gene that is responsible for pyrazinamidase, hence affecting the activity of this enzyme9. PZA is well absorbed from gastrointestinal tract and is widely distributed to most tissues and fluid too17. The oral administration of 500 mg PZA produces plasma concentrations of 9-12ug/ml after two hours and 7ug/ml after 8 hours17. PZA is metabolized in liver whereas the metabolites are excreted through renal glomerular filtration17. Ethambutol (EMB) is discovered in 1962, acts as bacteriostatic agent and is active against undergoing cell division6, 18. EMB primarily targets on impairment of cell wall polymerization by inhibits arabinosy transferase, a vital enzyme responsible for mycobacteria cell wall biosynthesis9, 18. Since arabinosy transferase enzyme is encoded by embC-embA-embB genes, resistance against EMB evolved is believed due to mutation of these genes9. EMB is currently used as one of the first-line treatment for tuberculosis mainly because of its synergistic effect with other front-line drugs and its low toxicity property18. There is roughly 75-80% of an oral dose of EMB is rapidly absorbed in gastrointestinal tract with absorption unaffected when administered with foods19. In addition, EMB is distributed widely to body tissues and fluid, including cerebrospinal fluid before being metabolized in the liver and excreted in urine19. Streptomycin (SM) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, used as first line treatment for TB when it first discovered in 19441, 6. Streptomycin is isolated from the bacteria Streptomyces griseus and its antimicrobial effects against M. tuberculosis is highly effective when use in combination with other first line agents20. However, SM is no longer considered as first line treatment as resistance against it has developed rapidly1. The optimum pH for SM is at pH8 where its bacteriostatic activity will reduce with increasingly acidic environment20. SM acts by binding tightly to A site of 16S ribosomal RNA subunit, interferes with mRNA translation, causing faulty protein being produced1, 9. Resistant emergence when the mutation occurs at gene rpsL and rrs that encoded for 16S and S12 ribosomal protein1, 9. Upon administration, SM is poorly absorbed from gastrointestinal tract and mostly administered parentally1. SM is mostly excreted in urine and patients with low renal profile might experienc e toxicity such as neurotoxic reactions1. When the first line treatment is no longer suitable for patients or patients develop multi-drug resistance TB, second line drugs will then be introduced in combating the TB. Second line drugs that are mostly used include Ethionamide (ETH), Cycloserine (CS), Para-Aminosalicylic Acid (PAS) and Fluoroquinolones (FQ). ETH has been in use since 1960s, is a structural analogue of INH and it targets at inhibition of mycolic acid biosynthesis in tubercle bacilli9, 21. INH however is much more potent than ETH since the minimal inhibitory concentration for ETH is 0.5-5.0ug/mL21. Resistance evolved due to mutation at gene InhA and ethA which encode for oxygenase enzyme in activation of ETH 9. In vitro, CS has inhibitory effect on M. tuberculosis at 5-200ug/mL and there is no cross resistance occurred between CS and other drugs13. CS acts by interfereing the biosynthesis of bacterial cell wall13. CS is well absorbed in gastrointestinal tract and also widely distributed to body tissues and fluid including cerebrospinal fluid13. PAS was first introduced as first line drug but being replaced by Ethambutol in 1960s1. It acts bacteriostatically with possessing inhibitory effect at concentration less than 1mg/ml by interfere with folic acid metabolism in bacteria1. PAS is readily absorbed from gastrointestinal tract and distributed well throughout the body. Approximately 80% of the drugs will be excreted via kidney after being metabolized to acetylated form1. Moxifloxacin and Gatifloxacin are both been synthesized and evaluated as excellent bactericidal agents through inhibiting DNA gyrase, an ATP-dependent enzymes topoisomerase II which is responsible in bacteria DNA transcription9. DNA gyrase is consisted of two subunits that is arranged in a complex, is encoded by two different genes, gyrA and gyrB where mutations at gyrA will normally cause bacteria resistance to these new generation of flouroquinolones9. Due to the increasing incidence of multidrug resistance TB, it is highly desirable to develop new drugs that are not only potent and effective against current resistant strains of M. tuberculosis but also possess shorter treatment duration since most of the incompliance of patients is brought up by lengthy TB treatment. Most of the mechanisms of action of current treatments are involved in interfering the bacterial DNA synthesis, protein and mycolic cell wall biosynthesis. The enzymes that participate in these pathways could also be the target of newly designed drugs such as TMC207, one of the new drugs which are currently under investigations and clinical trials. TMC207 is a member of diarylquinoline class of compound which target at adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase by binding to subunit C of the synthase, blocking the energy pathway of mycobacteria22, 23. In vitro, TMC207 not only possesses ability to inhibit both drug sensitive and resistant M. tuberculosis isolates, but also able to sterilize the patient through killing the dormant bacilli bactericidally22. TMC207 showed a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.03ug/mL against M. tuberculosis, suggesting a more potent agent compared to current first- line treatments such as isoniazid and rifampicin23. Apart from that, its synergistic effect with pyrazinamide could promise as effective drug combination for sterilizing the patients against TB22. A phase I clinical trials which involved short terms administration of TMC207 in healthy individuals showing no adverse effects and the subjects are well tolerated with it23. However, it is essential to investigate the selectivity of TMC207 again st mammalian ATP synthase with longer periods to ensure the patients safety when administered with TMC207. Thiacetazone (TAC) is widely used as second line anti-TB agent against multiresistant tuberculosis at present24. TAC acts by interferes the biosynthesis pathway of mycolic acid in tubercle bacilli24. The fact that M. tuberculosis has been difficult to eradicate and remains persistent is due to its cell wall that composed of mycolic acid which is resistant against chemical injury, dehydration and also has low permeability to antibiotics24. Mycolic acid contains cyclopropane rings that is activated through cyclopropane mycolic acid synthase (CMASs), has a significant contribution to tuberculosis24. By inhibiting the cyclopropanation, the cell wall biosynthesis will then be interrupted, introducing the bactericidal effects24. The aim of this research is to synthesis and evaluates the analogues of Thiacetazone which might be potential anti tuberculosis agents. The analogues will be tested against different strains of mycobacteria in lab. The target actions of these analogues will also be identified based on the structure of the analogues. The above analogue is synthesized when a benzylaldehyde reacts with a primary amine. This is a condensation process and an imine is produced. The changes at position R1 to R3 with different electron withdrawing groups are first planned to be evaluated. However, the plan is prohibited since the corresponding structures are either unavailable or too expensive that falling outside the budget. After revised on the previous analogues that were discovered and their respective MIC values obtained from lab, the structures of new analogues that are going to be evaluated are finally sorted out. The R1 to R3 positions would be replaced by either a -chloro or a -methoxy with R8 position would either be an amine, a methyl or a benzene ring. A chloro is used at position R1 to R3 since it is electron withdrawing, big and lipophilic molecule whereas the methoxy group is electron donating, small and quite lipophilic. For R8 position, an amine is selected because it is electron withdrawing and small. A methyl is also selected since it is quite lipophilic, small and electron donating. On the other hand, benzene ring which is highly lipophilic, neither electron donating nor withdrawing group might have a different effect on the analogue synthesized. References: Patrick Brennan, Douglas Young (2008). Tuberculosis. 88(2), 85-86, 137-138, 162-163. Health Protection Agency. http://www.hpa.org.uk/HPA/ National Health Services. http://www.nhs.uk/Pages/HomePage.aspx Zaida Araujoa, Jacobus Henri de Waard, Carlos Fernà ¡ndez de Larrea, Rafael Borges, Jacinto Convit (2008). The effect of Bacille Calmette-Guà ©rin vaccine on tuberculin reactivity in indigenous children from communities with high prevalence of tuberculosis. Vaccine 26, 5575-5581. Hart and Sutherland (1977). BCG and vole bacillus vaccines in the prevention of tuberculosis in adolescence and early adult life. Br Med J2(6082), 293-295. Global Alliance for TB Drug Development. http://www.tballiance.org/home/home.php 57th edition of British National Formulary: Section on Tuberculosis drugs, 316-317. Blumberg, H. M. et al. (2003). American Thoracic Society/ Centers for Disease and Prevention/ Infectious Disease Society of American: treatment of TB. Am.J.Respir.CareMed.167, 603-662. Suhail Ahmad and Eiman Mokaddas (2009). Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Respiratory Medicine 103(12), 1777-1790. Frieden TR, Sherman LF, Maw KL, et al. (1996). A multi-institutional outbreak of highly drug-resistant tuberculosis: epidemiology and clinical outcomes. JAMA 276, 1229-1235. Mukherjee JS, Rich ML, Socci AR, et al. (2004). Program and principles in treatment od multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. Lancet 363, 474-481. Zhang Y. et al. (2003). Isoniazid. Tuberculosis 2, 739-758. Hardmn, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B Molinoff, R.W. Ruddon, A.G. Goodman (2006). Goodman and Gilmans The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 9, 1164-1165. Zhang Y, Heym B, Allen B, Young D, Cole S (1992). The catalase-peroxidase gene and isoniazid resistance by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Nature 358, 591-593. Richard A. Slayden, Richard E. Lee and Clifton E. Barry (2002). Molecular Microbiology 38(3), 514-525. Rup Lal, Sukanya Lal (2005). Recent trends in rifamycin research. BioEssays 16(3), 211-216. Hardmn, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B Molinoff, A.G Gilman (2001). Goodman and Gilmans The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10, 1278-1281. Raghunandan Yendapally and Richard E. Lee (2008). Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel ethambutol analogues. Bioorganic and Medical chemistry Letters 18(5), 1607-1611. McEvoy, G.K. (2007). Admerican Hospital Formulary Service. Besthesda, 551. Selman A. Waksman (1953). Streptomycin: Background, Isolation, Properties and Utilisation. Science, 118(3062), 259-266. Sampson AE, Barry CE (1999). Abstract General Meeting American Society Microbiology. 99, 635. Andreas H.D., Alexander Pym, Martin Grobusch et al. (2009). The Diarylquinoline TMC207 for Multidrug- Resistant Tuberculosis. 360(23), 2397-2405. Anna C. Haagsma, Rooda Abdillahi-Ibrahim, Marijke J. Wagner, Klaas Krab, Karen Vergauwen, Jerome Guillemont, Koen Andries, Holger Lill, Anil Koul, and Dirk Bald (2009). Selectivity of TMC207 towards mycobacterial ATP synthase compared with that towardsthe Eukaryotic homologue. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 53(3), 1290-1292. Anuradha Alahari, Xavier Trivelli, Yann Guà ©rardel, Lynn G. Dover, Gurdyal S. Besra, James C. Sacchettini, Robert C. Reynolds, Geoffrey D. Coxon, Laurent Kremer (2007). Thiacetazone, an Antitubercular Drug that Inhibits Cyclopropanation of Cell Wall Mycolic Acids in mycobacteria. PloS ONE, 2(12): e1343. Mycolic acids are a complex mixture of branched, long-chain fatty acids, representing key components of the highly hydrophobic mycobacterial cell wall. Pathogenic mycobacteria carry mycolic acid sub-types that contain cyclopropane rings. Double bonds at specific sites on mycolic acid precursors are modified by the action of cyclopropane mycolic acid synthases (CMASs). The latter belong to a family of S-adenosyl-methionine-dependent methyl transferases, of which several have been well studied in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, namely, MmaA1 through A4, PcaA and CmaA2. Cyclopropanated mycolic acids are key factors participating in cell envelope permeability, host immunomodulation and persistence of M. tuberculosis. While several antitubercular agents inhibit mycolic acid synthesis, to date, the CMASs have not been shown to be drug targets. We have employed various complementary approaches to show that the antitubercular drug, thiacetazone (TAC), and its chemical analogues, inhibit mycolic acid cyclopropanation. Dramatic changes in the content and ratio of mycolic acids in the vaccine strain Mycobacterium bovis BCG, as well as in the related pathogenic species Mycobacterium marinum were observed after treatment with the drugs. Combination of thin layer chromatography, mass spectrometry and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analyses of mycolic acids purified from drug-treated mycobacteria showed a significant loss of cyclopropanation in both the ?- and oxygenated mycolate sub-types. Additionally, High-Resolution Magic Angle Spinning (HR-MAS) NMR analyses on whole cells was used to detect cell wall-associated mycolates and to quantify the cyclopropanation status of the cell envelope. Further, overexpression of cmaA2, mmaA2 or pcaA in mycobacteria partially reversed the effects of TAC and its analogue on mycolic acid cyclop ropanation, suggesting that the drugs act directly on CMASs. This is a first report on the mechanism of action of TAC, demonstrating the CMASs as its cellular targets in mycobacteria. The implications of this study may be important for the design of alternative strategies for tuberculosis treatment.

Never Ending War is Never Ending Power :: Patriot Act, The Bush Administration

The executive branch and president Bush had expanded their authority and power beyond what the framers could have envisioned. In doing so the checks and balances that had existed no longer function as designed and has created a loop of power and control in the executive branch under the theory of the unitary executive. Many of the powers that the executive branch wield come from Congress giving the Bush administration extraordinary powers following 9/11 with the Patriot Act. The Patriot Act that takes away the protection of habeas corpus, due process, privacy, reversal of innocent until proven guilty (p. 272, 274). It also grants the use of sneak and peak searches allowing for looking first and getting a warrant later which violates the 1st and 4th amendment (p. 271). National security letters requiring providing information for records and then not allowing that person to tell anyone but a lawyer (p. 271). All of these powers were given under the idea of â€Å"war powers†, typically war time is a limited amount of time that accept more extreme security measures, but with the prospect raised by the Bush administration of a new era of never ending conflict means these powers might not end. Another tipping of the scales towards the executive branch and president is the use of signing statements. The signing statements allow legislation passed by congress to be applied how the executive branch sees fit which directly contradicts the legislative role is creating laws ("Aba: Blue-ribbon task," 2006). In the passage of the Detainee Treatment Act of 2005 the administration tried to disallow federal district courts from hearing challenges by Guantanamo detainees (p. 156). While seemingly allowing for the banning of mistreatment, it also prevented filing by detainees against the government for acts of mistreatment, making it unenforceable (p. 157). The allegations of torture against terrorist suspects violates not only the Geneva Convention but also human rights. Torture is not an effect method to gain information it only works to get those tortured to do admit to anything to make the pain stop (Gibney, 2007) . Some powers the administration took for themselves including NSA wiretaps which are not always used against terrorists (p. 112, Farren & Gibb, 2007) . The Bush administration bypassed the FISA court which could be considered weak oversight enacted by congress and operates in secret. The FISA court was specifically setup for the purposes of warrants in exactly the types of cases that were bypassed.

Life today is better Essay

Nowadays life is more comfortable, convenient and better than it was a century before. Modern facilities for health, education, communication and transport have added a lot in bringing betterment to the life of people. Advances in technology have provided people with many ways to spend their leisure time and they also have more opportunities to utilize their physical and mental abilities to achieve a better living standard. Technology and education have got much better as compared to the past as there are more schools, colleges and universities giving basic and modern education. Subsequently, it has revolutionized all the sectors of society. For instance, in the past 100 years, research surveys indicate that millions of people died due to disease outbreaks and absence of cures and appropriate health facilities. But now the mortality rate has significantly reduced because there are hospitals available almost in every town, equipped with basic emergency requirements. Medical research and inventions have eradicated many diseases from the world. Communication has become much easier and fast as internet, mobile phones, television are available nowadays. There is no need to write long descriptive letters and wait for the response for long time. One can talk and even watch his loved ones with only a single click. They provide a better source of recreation too, thus helping to get rid of boredom. Similarly, infrastructure has been improved hence it has upgraded the standard of travelling. One can travel long distances using airplane in few hours while it was not possible some years ago. People had to travel for days to cover long distances on animals, keeping heavy luggage and food with them. Development in industrial sectors has opened new areas for work to earn a living. It has introduced a wide range of career choices so that one can opt for what he likes to do instead of sticking with the occupation of ancestors. It can be inferred from the above arguments that standard of life is far better than it was in the past. People have more facilities and choices for spending and maintaining their lives. It has all happened due to the advent of education and technology that was absent in the past.

Lifebuoy- Soap of India - 1598 Words

Prepared By – Dhawandeep Singh(331) Neena Sankhyan(325) | NMIMS The LifeBuoy Story While brands have managed to upgrade their image and evolve together with their consumers – Lifebuoy is a great example, having moved from a carbolic, sweaty association to desirable health imagery – there has been no example of a brand that has moved to the top of the pole after residing at the bottom. The relaunch of the soap in 2002, 2004 again in 2006 have been turning points in its history. In 2004, Lifebuoy’s product offering was revamped with contemporary packaging and an upmarket look. While that went down well with existing users, new users were still elusive; they continued to perceive the product as a ‘cheap soap for poor people’. That†¦show more content†¦Although by projecting tough character of the child in the advertisement it again wanted to connect with the audiences on an emotional front .The confidence of ‘Lifebuoy mother’ with regard to the safety of her son underscores the long-standing brand benefit when she says â€Å"naha kar gaya hai... Koi darr nahin†. This transpired into appeal for the whole family which is tough and daring and always ready to take on newer challenges. â€Å"Little Gandhi Ad† The Little Boy picks up a broom; The boy surveys the messy street before sweeping it clean; The kid enjoys the Lifebuoy bath, washing away sweat and toil. The start of the advertisement with the small boy waking up before everybody shows a common child but who gets up on his own, he knows what to do, He has a mission in his mind, starts for work with putting bandana on his head. Shows a person focused and determined to do the work. All portraying the characteristics of a tough child. And he is a leader also trying to portray the soap more synonymous with leaders. He is being portrayed and compared in qualities to Gandhiji with dandi being replaced by a broom and spectacles of the child very much similar to Gandhiji’s. The atmosphere in which he is standing is very gloomy showcasing his fighting against all odds, comparisons with Gandhi. He starts on his own without waiting for anybody else to join him. And the people are shown getting amused by them and slowly other children startShow MoreRelatedLifebuoy in India: Product Life Cycle Strategies1542 Words   |  7 Pagescaution is needed when planning strategies for each product. 2. How did Lifebuoy strategies in the early stages of its PLC enabled the brand to become a leader? When Lifebuoy was introduced in the market, its positioning was a † promise to kill germs and keep the body healthy†, addressing one of the main problems the Indian market had: the plagues, and therefore exploring the market need for hygiene and health protection. Lifebuoy main strategy was to have low prices and low promotion, in order forRead More4ps of Lifebuoy1615 Words   |  7 PagesProduct: Variants Bar Soap: The classic red bar of Lifebuoy soap and its distinctive phenol smell has been synonymous with cleanliness. Body Wash: Lifebuoy Body Wash provides deep cleansing of pores, protecting against the three root causes of skin health problems – clogged pores, over-drying, and infection-causing germs. Lifebuoy ActiFresh variant which envelopes you in its fresh fragrance for up to 12 hours after a bath, protecting you from odor causing germs and helping you keep your activeRead MoreDoc, Docx, Pdf, Wps, Rtf, Odt683 Words   |  3 PagesBrandGuide FMCG Lifebuoy Lifebuoy lt; Lever Ayush.. |    | Liril 2000.. gt; | Lifebuoy | Parent Company | HUL | Category | Personal Care – Soap | Sector | FMCG | Tagline/ Slogan | Healthy hoga Hindustan; Lifebuoy hai jaha tandurusti hai waha | USP | Lifebuoy provides 100% better protection from germs as compared to ordinary soaps | STP | Segment | Personal Care – Soap, Hand Sanitizer, Hand Wash | Target Group | All households, to provide a 100% anti-bacterial soap for complete protectionRead MoreMarketing Strategies Of Soap And Product Life Cycle Of Lifebuoy Soap2252 Words   |  10 Pagessimply reverse the steps instead. â€Æ' Contents Executive Summary 1 Introduction 3 What is Consumer Buying Behaviour? 4 Overview of Personal Care Industry 5 Company Profile 5 Overview of the product 6 Marketing Strategies of Lifebuoy Soap – STP 7 Product Life Cycle of Lifebuoy Soap 8 Motivation of product 9 Perception of product 9 Learning of product 10 Attitude of product 10 Strength and Weakness 11 Recommendation 11 Conclusion 12 Reference 13 â€Æ' Introduction In the report, it is focusing on the consumerRead MorePlc of Lux1147 Words   |  5 Pages†¢Lux is the brand of UNILEVER INDIA LTD. It has been winning hearts of INDIAN consumersfor 80 years. †¢Lux stands for the promise of beauty and glamour as one of India s most trusted personalcare brands. LUX PRODUCTS : Lux had modified their product into Orchid touch Almond delight Energising fruit Aqua sparkle â€Å"GLAMOUR FACTOR† Introduction STAGE Lux launched the world’s first mass-market beauty soap in the US in 1924 amp; had been launched in India in 1929 †¢At that time thereRead MoreBrand Positioning of Lifebouy4075 Words   |  17 PagesMarket†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.02 3. About Lifebuoy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..04 3.1 A catalyst for discovery: The Industrial Revolution†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦04 4. Current Campaign†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..05 4.1 Global Handwahsing Day Coverage†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦05 5. Social Mission†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦06 5.1 5.2 Lifebuoy’s Work†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦06 Local Interventions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦06 6. Soaps of Lifebuoy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..07 7. Lifebuoy in Bangladesh†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.08Read MoreReport on Dettol Soap1208 Words   |  5 PagesCASE STUDY ON Dettol Soap CONCEPT NOTE SUBMITTED TO – BY- Dr. Tanjul Saxena Dr. Yogesh Pande Dr. Vikash k. sinha DATE-24/01/2011 INDUSTRY- Soap Industry COMPANY- Reckitt Benckiser (India) Limited BUSINESSRead MoreHindustan Unilever Marketing Mix7687 Words   |  31 PagesHindustan Unilever [Rural marketing] Product Mix of HUL. HUL is Indias largest marketer of Soaps, Detergents and Home Care products. It has the country’s largest Personal Products business, leading in Shampoos, Skin Care Products, Colour Cosmetics and Deodorants. HUL is also the market leader in Tea, Processed Coffee, branded Wheat Flour, Tomato Products, and Ice cream, Soups, Jams and Squashes. Home amp; Personal Care †¢ Personal Wash †¢ Fabric Wash †¢ Home Care †¢ Oral Care †¢ Skin Care †¢ Hair CareRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Reckitt Benckiser India Ltd970 Words   |  4 Pagesand wounds. Dettol originated from India and launched their first store in 1933. It has been the most trusted brand in India for a long time. Dettol was not only to treat cuts and wounds but it became used in hospitals and nursing homes. Consumers also used it to clean their floor and to bathe. Dettol does not only have the Antiseptic Liquid product but has other product categories that they extended to such as, liquid hand wash, liquid body wash, toilet soaps, shaving creams and plaster stripsRead MoreMarketing Plan for Dettol Liquid Handwash2473 Words   |  10 PagesAPPENDIX†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...15 　1. Executive Summary Reckitt Benckiser India Ltd (RBIL) is a fully owned subsidiary of Reckitt Benckiser Plc., world’s No.1 Company in household cleaning. Reckitt Benckiser Plc came into being with the merger of Reckitt Colman Plc with Benckiser NV in 1999. The company has operations in 60 countries, sales in 180 countries and has had net revenues in excess of $5.5 billion. Reckitt Benckiser India Ltd (RBIL) manufactures and markets a wide range of products in Personal